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Book
review
Civil Society
in Yemen: A Political Economy of Activism in Modern Arabia Sheila Carapico
Cambridge Middle East Studies 9, Cambridge University Press, 1998. Pp xiv + 256. Map.
Tables. Glossary. Index. Bibliog. Notes. Hb. £35.
Sheila Carapico is a political scientist
who has spent a total of six years in Yemen since the 1 970s researching the political and
economic developments of the past two tumultuous decades, and conducting various urban and
rural economic surveys. This important book builds on her doctoral thesis on the
development co-operatives (LDAs) in the North during the 1970s and early 1980s, and draws
on discussions and relationships with scores ofYemeni intellectuals, politicians and
activists as well as on first-hand observations of local politics. The author has also
trawled an impressive range and quantity of sources in Arabic as well as European
languages, includingYemeni newspapers. Carapicos
ambitious project is to catalogue and explain the abundant manifestations ofcivil
society inYemen since the 1950s. By civil society is meant modern
political, economic, legal and cultural projects and organisations which articulate and
promote the variegated interests of the populace independently of state institutions.
Whereas the tolerance of civic activism is a defining characteristic of westernstyle
democracies, some political scientists assume that it barely exists in the Muslim Middle
East because of what they construe as the inherent conservatism of Arab
societies and the persistence of indigenous or primordial institutions,
particularly tribalism and Islam, which they perceive as impeding progress. Carapico
cogently refutes this influential essentialist vision by presenting the Yemeni case within
its cultural, economic and political context. She reveals that an immense variety of civil
institutions emerged in North and South Yemen in the second half of this century, and that
civic activism flourished according to ebbs and flows in local and international economic
and political conditions.
Introductory chapters summarise current academic debates on
civil society by Western and Middle Eastern (mainly Egyptian) scholars, and
provide the background for the study by oudining the profound political changes and
economic transformations in twentieth centuryYemen. The next chapter examines the cultural
and historical foundations of civil society inYemen, and reveals its roots in
Muslim values such as divinely sanctioned philanthropy, and in tribal precepts of
collective responsibility and mutual aid. The remainder of the book describes the
impressive range of associations and activities which emerged in the second half of this
century. These include labour unions, self-help projects, development cooperatives, clubs,
private schools, welfare associations, political parties, discussion groups and publishing
ventures such as newspapers and political pamphlets. The book concludes by describing the
response of some of these groups and their members to the political crisis of the 1990s,
and their frantic but unsuccessful attempts to achieve national reconciliation and avert
civil war. Carapicos achievement is to collate a remarkable array of facts and
figures, some summarised in extremely useful tables, and to relate the florescence and
demise of civil activity in Yemen to specific contingent circumstances. She argues that
civil society flourished at three key moments, or openings, in
recentYemen history: the British colonial period in the South in the 1950s, the
post-revolution period in the North from the 1970s to the early 1980s, and the period
between unification in 1990 and the 1994 civil war. In each of these periods economic and
political circumstances stimulated and allowed bursts of grassroots endeavour which were
later controlled or repressed before resurging. In the Northern case, for example,
fledgling regimes with moderising agendas were too weak or poor to deliver basic services
such as roads, health and educational facilities, yet needed the domestic and
international legitimacy to be derived from promoting development and grass-roots
participation. Thus, for example, successive governments encouraged the remarkable
co-operative development movement of the 1970s and 1980s, and the astonishingly free press
of the 1990s, only to incorporate the former and suppress the latter when they threatened
central hegemony.
In a short review it is hard to do justice to this
densely-written, fact-packed book and its thought-provoking analyses. However, I would
have welcomed more extended first-hand accounts of the intellectual and political ferment
of the early 1990s, and I found the descriptions of the huge tribal
conferences, rowdy political meetings and fervent chaired qat party
debates tantalisingly brief. An appendix providing brief biographies of the main
personalities mentioned would also have been useful. The book nevertheless represents a
substantial effort to document and understand, in theoretical terms, a vitally important
but hitherto neglected aspect of recent Yemeni history and society, and will become an
indispensable reference work on an extraordinary period.
SHELAGH WEIR, November 1998
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