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Book
review
Records
of the Yemen 1798-1960
Edited by Doreen and Leila Ingrams
16 volumes.
Archive Editions, 1993
The editors have brought
together, in sixteen very handsome volumes, all the official English-language archives
which have survived white ants and theft over the years and which are now housed in the
India Office Library and Records and the Public Records Office in London.
The editors preface in Volume I (pp. vii-ix) explains the
background of the project briefly and clearly and is followed by essential information for
the best use of the volumes: the Quaiti (I spell names as the editors themselves do)
family tree, xi; the Katheeri family tree, xii; the Abdali family tree, xiii; a list of
the imams of Sanaa, xiv; a list of the political agents, political residents and
governors of Aden, xv. Volume I, it is therefore suggested, is a volume to keep close at
hand at all times. A Select Bibliography (pp. xvi-xviii) ends the general information
found in I, yet relevant to all volumes.
The Contents of I (pp. xix-xxv) are provided in great detail and
they set the standard for each of the first fifteen volumes - the sixteenth contains maps
and illustrations etc. only Employing a variety of different headings, numbers and notes,
the contents list provides also the names of the authors and recipients of documents with
their affiliations and, most importantly, the document reference numbers. The user will
therefore have to keep a finger in the Contents as he uses the particular volume. This is
an excellent format and it enables the documents themselves, as the meat of each volume,
to be appreciated without further editorial interference. A List of Illustrations follows
(I, p. xxvii) and a List of Maps (p. xxix) for illustrations, maps etc. play an
unobtrusive, though important, part in the work, some of them attractive pictures in
colour. Immediately before the documents in each volume, the editors provide an
introduction; brief, always well written and succinct, it presents the essential
historical background for the period covered by the volume.
The balance between the chronological and subject presentation
must have been the major problem for the editors to overcome. They have solved the problem
admirably The overlapping of, for example, volumes VIII and IX, IX and X and XIII and XIV
in practice puts no obstacle in the way of the user; quite the contrary, if he employs
such competently compiled contents intelligently
A detailed picture of the contents of such an archive is not of
course possible here. However, some of the highlights might be mentioned.
I (1798-1838) is in essence the pre-British period: passages from
Albuquerque (16th), Jourdain (17th), Niebuhr and Bruce (18th century) all find a place.
The two 19th century travellers, Wellstead and Cruttenden, are also quoted.
Napoleons occupation of Egypt in fact marks the beginning of the work, with Egyptian
activities in the Yemen in the early 19th century and the affairs of Socotra from the
early 1830s make for interesting reading. The volume ends with the British case for the
taking of Aden in the couple of years prior to the purchase.
II (1838-54) contains the discussions with Sultan Muhsin b. Fadl
of Lahej for the purchase of Aden and the beginnings of British rule. Haines begins to
consolidate British authority and the volume is completed with some reactions from the
Yemen to the new colonial force to the south.
III (1855-72) deals effectively with the further consolidation of
the Settlement, military, political, social, economic, affairs of the port and the water
supply In 1855 the Turks occupied parts of the Tihamah and the affairs of the Turks
vis-à-vis Asir between 1865-71 find a place. This volume ends, as do many, with
concentration on the islands, mainly of course Perim and Socotra.
IV (1872-99) begins with the Turks in the Yemen and their
relations with the chiefs of the Aden hinterland in the 1870s, the increasing conflict
between the Turks and the British, the real raison d'etre of a British protectorate. The
volume continues with Turkish affairs, with interludes of Qishn and Socotra, 1873-97, and
a translation of Schweinfurths German account of his voyage to Socotra in 1881.
Hadramawt, the Aden Settlement and the Islands, including Kamaran, round off the volume.
V (1900-14) marks the beginning of the twentieth century and, not
surprisingly, the Anglo-Turkish boundary is the predominant topic. The Convention,
Turkish-Yemeni relations and the accession of Imam Yahya in 1905, as well as the affairs
of the Idrisi (1909-10), the Italian-Turkish war (1911-13), the Aden Settlement and the
Islands are other topics in this volume.
VI (1914-1923) commences with the entry into World War I of the
Turks (1914). The British treaty with the Idrisi (1915), British policy towards the Aden
hinterland and the Turks during the years 19 16-19, relations between the British and the
Imam and the Idrisi towards the end of World War I find their place in the documents in
this volume. It ends with the affairs of the Aden Settlement and the Islands.
VII (1924-33) has documents concerning the Anglo-Yemeni frontier,
the British and Italian mission to Imam Yahya (1924-26), the Idrisi and Ibn Saud, the
Mecca agreement (1927), preparations for the Anglo-Yemeni treaty (1927-32), negotiations
over Asir (1930-34), the policy in the Protectorate (1927-33), the Settlement, the
Protectorate and the Islands.
VIII (1934-45) begins with the Treaties of Sanaa and Taif in
1934 and is followed by documents on the institution of Aden Colony in 1937, its social
and economic affairs prior to World War II, the Islands and the effects of World War II on
the Colony and Protectorate.
IX (1933-45) covers the same chronological ground as the previous
volume but the major topics are the sultanates and their boundaries (1933-36), expansion
of British interest in the Eastern Aden Protectorate (1936-45), peace in the Hadramawt
(1937), development schemes, agriculture and famine in the Protectorate (1933-45) and the
affairs of the Sultanate of Qishn and Socotra (1937-44).
X (1940-50) firstly deals with the internal affairs of the Yemen
during the period, then with the assassination of Imam Yahya in 1948 and the accession of
Imam Ahmed. Frontier disputes, oil, boundaries, air operations etc. ((1940-50) then
appear. Colony and Protectorate affairs and those of the Islands end the volume.
XI (1950-54) deals with the Yemen internal and foreign affairs,
relations with Egypt, the Anglo-Yemeni Conference in London (1950-5 1) and later disputes
and negotiations between the years 1953-4. The volume ends with the affairs of the Colony
and the Protectorate during the years 1950-54.
XII (1955-57) contains some important subjects: the attempted coup
against Imam Ahmed (1955-56), movements against British rule and calls for independence
(1955-57), Britains long-range policy and security review (1954-56), Anglo-Yemeni
frontier relations and UN involvement, the affairs of the Islands.
XIII (1957-58) deals with the Anglo-Yemeni frontier, the affairs
of the Colony and Protectorate and the Islands, Adens becoming the headquarters of
the British forces in the Middle East (1957-58) and the Adenisation Committee.
XIV (1957-58) covers the same period as XIII above. Here the
topics covered are, however, the United Arab States (1958), the Anglo-Yemeni boundary and
the Protectorate boundaries, border disputes and Colony and Protectorate affairs.
XV (1958-60) deals with the events leading up to the end of
royalist rule in the Yemen and of British rule in Aden, Anglo-Yemeni relations, state of
emergency in Aden, the Aden TUC, Legislative Council elections, the institution of the
Federation of the Amirates of the South, unrest in the Colony and Protectorate, the South
Arabian
League, the future of the Islands.
The documents themselves come in a variety of shapes and sizes,
manuscript, typescript and print. They are all well reproduced and for the most part are
fairly easily legible, though the user should be warned that he will find some
difficulties of reading in places, and not only then the manuscript material, for some of
the early typescript must have reproduced badly even in the original. The researcher may
therefore find he needs to resort to the originals on a very few occasions.
Musing about the whole, it occurred to me what a feast the
linguist, and in particular the sociolinguist, might make of this collection of official
documents. Their presentation in this way will make a study of official civil service
English over the past two centuries a relatively easy one, if this should take
anyones fancy. Whereas My dear Bill Yours ever, John is common enough,
what is one to think of Dear Department, ... Yours ever, John!? Obviously a
difficult man to get rid of! Other things too stuck in my mind: the amount of effort spent
and paperwork involved over the years administering the Islands; the fascination of the
documents in XV concerning the future of the Islands after an independent Aden; the joint
visit to the Kuria Muria Islands on 16th December 1959 by Sir George Middleton, Political
Resident, Persian Gulf, and Sir William Luce, Governor of Aden, and their two reports, the
formers official and rather dull, the latters lively and even in places
humorous (XV, pp. 789-92).
It would be impossible to exaggerate the debt owed to the two
editors with the publication of the Records. Both have in a sense been passionately
involved in the area all their lives and, despite the difficulties and frustrations which
must have attended them at times, my strong feeling is that this editorial task, however
long it took, was a true labour of love.
Assembling all these documents together in this way puts all those
with an interest in the history of the Yemen of the past two centuries forever in their
debt. Their expertly compiled lists and clear and well written introductions form the
icing on the cake. The saving of time and effort to the researcher will be incalculable.
They can take great pride in what they have achieved and a sequel, at least down to 1967,
will, I hope, follow in time. The sixteen stout volumes, priced at £3,995, will neither
fit into, nor be within the reach of, the individuals pocket, but there will be a
fair scattering of copies throughout the country in several university as well as
copyright libraries. This will certainly open the door to inquiring amateurs, as well as
professional historians, more indeed - and quite rightly so - than those who would have
had the inclination and the opportunity to hunt down these documents for themselves before
the publication of the work under review.
G. REX SMITH, November 1995
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