Footnotes

Chapter 2

1. For demographic figures see David Munro, The Oxford Dictionary of the World: Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1995, p. 657.

2. On neopatrimonialism, see S. N. Eisenstadt, Traditional Patrimonialism and Modern Neopatrimonialism, Sage Research Papers in the Social Sciences, Studies in Comparative Modernisation Series, vol. 1 (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1973).

3. The disintegration of the former Soviet Union and prevalence of a single world order contributed crucially to the existence of the unified Yemen as it stands as the historical moment according to Migdal's definition.

4. Such military threat changes the risk calculation of state leaders which induces them to take the initiative for concentrating social control.

Chapter 3

1. On November 30, the independent People's Republic of Southern Yemen came into existence, which renamed the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen in 1970 after the first leftist intraparty coup in June 1969 that overthrew the first President Qahtan al-Sha'abi, who was replaced by Salim Rubai Ali.

2. The Constitution of 1978 states (Article 3) that the YSP armed with the theory of Scientific Socialism is the leader and guide of state and society. Article 12, states that the state will develop the national economy on the basis of the objective law of Scientific Socialism. See The Constitution of the PDRY, Aden: The Fourteenth of October Print-house, 1978, p. 4.

3. 14th October (the official newspaper) 24 April 1987.

4. Al-Thawri, 15 June 1985.

5. See Eric Watkins, The legacy of the Yemen Socialist Party. Paper presented to a conference at SOAS, University of London, entitled "Lights on the Yemeni Crisis: A Multi-Disciplinary Perspectives", 24 September 1994.

6. In fact, the pre-unification enthusiasm of some tribes for the South was well established. The tribes that were predominantly royalist in the 1960s were predominantly Socialist in the 1970s. For more details on this issue, see Paul K. Dresch, The tribal factor in the Yemeni crisis. Chapter 2 in Jamal S. al-Suwaidi (ed.), The Yemeni War of 1994: Causes and Consequences, the Emirates Centre for Strategic Studies and Research, Saqi Books, 1995.

7. See, Middle East Watch, A Division of Human Rights Watch, vol. 4, issue 10, November 1992, p. 15.

8. For more details see, Rainer Hartmann, Yemeni Exodus from Saudi Arabia: The Gulf conflict and the ceasing of the workers immigration. Journal of South Asian and Middle East Studies, vol. XV1V, no. 2, Winter 1995, p. 38-52.

9. Al-Watan al-Arabi, 25 October 1991.

10. Al-Khalij, 22 November 1992.

11. For details about the structure and ideology of the YRR see, Paul Dresch, Bernard Haykel, Stereotypes and Political Styles: Islamists and tribesfolk in Yemen. International Journal of Middle East Studies. vol. 27, no. 4 (1995), p. 405-31.

12. Less than 50% of eligible voters were registered for the referendum. See Robin Bidwell, Yemen, in: The Middle East and North Africa 1993, London 1992, p. 948-88.

13. Sheila Carapico, Elections and mass politics in Yemen. Middle East Report, no. 185, 1993, p. 2-6.

14. Paul Dresch, ibid.

15. For the argument whether the tribal society such as the Yemeni, is capable of developing a civil society, see Sheila Carapico, Yemen Between Civility and Civil War, chapter 9 in Augustus R. Norton (ed.), Civil Society in the Middle East. Leiden, the Netherlands, Brill, 1996, vol. 2.

16. See al-Mustaqbal, December 22, 1991; and the interview with Shaykh Abd al-Wahab Sinan, Yemen Times (YT), December 25, 1991.

17. Al-Shura, March 11, 1993 and al-Wahdawi, March 21, 1993.

18. Personal interview with Zaid al-Wazir, held in Richmond, UK on 28 July 1997.

19. Personal interview with Abd al-Rahman al-Jifri, held in London in August 4, 1997.

20. For the YRR Social Welfare Association Activities, see al-Sahwa, 12 August 1993; al-Islah 26 July 1993., also see Carapico (1996) Ibid., p. 300.

21. This figure has been taken from, Iris Glosemeyer, The first Yemeni parliamentary elections in 1993: practising democracy. Orient (Opladen), vol. 34, 1993, p. 439-51.

22. While there were no women in the Parliament of the YAR, there were 11 female representatives in the Parliament of the PDRY.

23. The Final Report of the Technical Committee, Sana'a 1993, p. 26.

24. For details about procedures and preparations as well as for complaints and appeals of the elections of 1993, see Iris Glosemeyer, Ibid., also see the Final Report of the Technical Committee, Sana'a 1993.

25. Al-Hayat, 16 August 1993.

26. Intelligence Newsletter, 10 July 1993.

27. See, Michael C. Hudson, Unhappy Yemen: Watching the slide toward civil war. Middle East Insight, vol. 10, nos. 4-5, 1994, p. 10-19.

28. Ibid., p. 17.

29. Kostiner, 1996, Ibid., p. 76.

30. Ibid., p. 82.

31. Ibid., p. 85.

Chapter 4

1. Yasin Said Numan, al-Shura, April 6, 1997, p. 8-9.

2. 26 September, August 22, 1994, p. 1

3. Al-Thawrah, July 13, 1994, p. 1

4. Al-Watheiqah, 15-30 November 1996, p. 1.

5. see Joseph Kostiner, Middle East Contemporary Survey, vol. XV111. 1994, p. 719.

6. The Constitution of the Republic of Yemen, Articles 82 and 83.

7. Al-Hayat, September 23, 1994.

8. South Post (Barid al-Janoub) January 20, 1997, p. 10.

9. Al-Shura, June 29, 1997, p. 2-3.

10. 26 September, April 3, 1997, p. 9.

11. 26 September, June 12, 1997, p. 9. and June 19, 1997, p. 8.

12. Al-Watheiqah, December 1-15, 1996, p. 1. Also see, al-Muhajir, July 26, 1997, p.4. and al-Wehdah, August 1997, vol. 8, p. 12.

13. The Middle East, July/August 1995, p. 6.

14. Personal interview with Zaid al-Wazir, held in Richmond, UK on 28 July 1997.

15. The Middle East, loc. cit.

16. Al-Wehdah, August 1997, no. 8, p. 19.

17. Carapico (1996) ibid, p. 289-90. Also see, the Human Rights Report issued by the Department of the State, USA, 1995, in al-Shura March 19, 1995, p. 6.

18. see Dresch, 1995, ibid.

19. Al-Wehdah, ibid, p. 13.

20. Al-Watheiqah, February 15-28, 1997, p. 12.

21. 26 September, April 17, 1997, p. 1.

22. Al-Hayat, August 12, 1997, p. 1.

23. Asharq al-Awsat, April 28, 1997, p. 3.

24. Ibid., cit. loc.

25. Middle East Mirror, April 28, 1997, p. 18.

26. Ibid., May 6, 1997, p. 18-19.

27. Ibid., May 6, 1997, p. 18.

28. Ibid., May 1, 13 and 14 (1997).

29. Ibid., May 1, 1997, p. 15.

30. 26 September, May 29, 1997, p. 8-9.

31. For more details about the Yemeni political parties see, Ahmed A.Karim Saif , Democracy in Yemen, al-Madinah Press, Cairo, 1991. Also see, Paul Dresch, Stereotypes and Political Styles: Islamists and tribesfolk in Yemen, International Journal of Middle East Studies, vol. 27, no. 4 (1995) p. 405-31.

32. CSO 1996, statistical year-book 1996, Central Statistical Organisation, Ministry of Planning & Development.

33. Middle East Economic Digest, 27 October 1995.

34. The Middle East, July/August 1995, p. 6.

35. Yemen Times, December 4, 1995.

36. CSO, 1996, p. 357.

37. Personal interview, held in Oxford on Monday, August 4, 1997.

38. Ibid.

39. The tribal disputes which are believed to have been instigated by the government are widely covered by opposition media, see for example, al-Shura, January 1, 1997, p. 1. and the South Post (barid al-Janoub), January 20, 1997, p. 1.

40. Interview, Ibid.

---

Last modified on 05/31/2016 16:59:30

---

---

Acknowledgements

For a long time, I have been interested in this subject. I hope to have gained a satisfactory understanding of Yemeni politics and to have reached a deep level of analysis beyond the direct occurrence of events. It has, therefore, been a profitable opportunity to have spent the past six months in this study. During this time, I was ably directed by a supportive supervisor, and so, my deep gratitude goes to Dr. Bruce Stanley, whose patience encouraged me to express my ideas, to discuss and to object. He would raise a key issue and then watch my responses, as when a stone is thrown into a lake resulting in a sequence of circular waves. Once again, many thanks to him.

I also extend my gratitude to Paul Auchterlonie, the assistant librarian at the old library of the University of Exeter for his valued assistance. My friend Glience, also offered helpful linguistic comments, which I deeply appreciate.

I extend additional thanks to the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) University of London, for letting me use their library, especially, the BBC collection. I am also grateful to different Yemeni political parties, who provided me a regular issues of their publications, which were helpful.

Finally, a special debt of gratitude is due to my parents, who despite their need of my help have encouraged me to achieve my degree.

---

Abbreviations

ANM:Arab Nationalist Movement

CC:Consultative Council

COR:Council of Representatives

DPA:Document of the Pledge and Accord

DRY:Democratic Republic of Yemen

GCC:Gulf Co-operative Council

GPC:General People's Congress

LCCDs:Local Councils for Co-operation Development

LDAs:Local Development Associations

MEE:Military Economic Establishment

NLF:National Liberation Front

PDRY:People's Democratic Republic of Yemen

PSO:Political Security Office

RY:Republic of Yemen

YAR:Yemen Arab Republic

YR:Yemeni Riyal

YRR:Yemeni Reform Rally

YSP:Yemeni Socialist Party

---

Appendix

The most important Yemeni political parties

Party	Established	Approach	Leader	Forum
General People's Congress	Aug. 1982 Sana'a	Liberal	Pres. Ali A. Salih	al-Mithaq
Yemeni Socialist Party	Oct. 1978 Aden	Socialist	Ali S. Obad (Moqbil)	al-Thawri
Yemeni Reforming Rally	Sep. 1990 Sana'a	Islamist	Sh. Abdelah H. al-Ahmar	al-Sahwa
Arab Socialist Ba'ath	1959 Aden	Nationalist	Dr. Qassim Sallam	al-Jamahir
Al-Haqq Party	Apr. 1991 Sana'a	Islamist	Jud. A. al-Shami	al-Ummah
Nasirite Unified Popular Organisation	1975 Sana'a	Nationalist	Abdelmelik al-Mikhlafi	al-Wahdawi
Sons of Yemen League	Apr. 1959 Aden	Liberal	Abdelrahman Ali al-Jifri	Ra'y
Union of Popular Forces	Oct. 1960 Beirut	Islamist	Ibrahim Ali al-Wazir	al-Shura
Yemeni Unionist Aggregation	Jan. 1990 Aden	Liberal	Omar al-Jawi	al-Tajamou'a

Source : Liberty, BM Freedom, London, Report April, 21 1993.

Abbr: Pres = The President; Sh = Shaykh; Dr = Doctor; Jud = Judge

---

Bibliography

The following newspapers and journals were consulted:

Arabic

Asharq al-Awsat

Barid al-Janoub

al-Hayat

al-Khalij

al-Muhajir

al-Mustaqbal

14th October

al-Sahwa

26 September

al-Shura

al-Thawrah

al-Thawri

al-Watan

al-Watheiqah

al-Wehdah

English

Intelligence Newsletter

International Journal of Middle East Studies

Journal of South Asian and Middle East Studies

The Middle East

The Middle East and North Africa

Middle East Contemporary Survey

Middle East Economic Digest

Middle East Insight

Middle East Mirror

Middle East Report

Middle East Watch

Orient (Opladen)

Yemen Times

Articles and books

• Abu-Amr, Z. (1986) "The People's Democratic Republic of Yemen: The Transformation of Society" Ph.D. Dissertation, Washington, DC, Georgetown University.

• Addleton, J. (1991) "Economic Prospects in A United Yemen" Journal of South Asian and Middles Eastern Studies, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 2-14.

• Ayubi, N. (1995) "Overstating the Arab State: Politics and Society in the Middle East" London, I. B. Tauris.

• Bianchi, R. (1989) "Unruly Corporatism: Associational Life in Twentieth Century Egypt" New York: Oxford University Press.

• Burrowes, R. (1987) "The Yemen Arab Republic: The Politics of Development, 1962-1986" Westview Press / Croom Helm.

• Burrowes, R. (1988) "State-Building and Political Construction in the Yemen Arab Republic, 1962-1977" Part 2 in Chelkowski, P. And Pranger, R (eds.) "Ideology and Power in the Middle East" Studies in Honour of George Lenczowski. Durham and London, Duke University Press.

• Burrowes, R. (1989) "Oil Strike and Leadership Struggle in South Yemen: 1986 and Beyond" Middle East Journal, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 437-54.

• Burrowes, R. (1991) "Prelude to Unification: the Yemen Arab Republic, 1962-1990" International Journal of Middle East Studies, vol. 23, pp. 483-506.

• Burrowes, R. (1992) "The Yemen Arab Republic's Legacy and Yemeni Unification" Arab Studies Quarterly, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 41-68.

• Burrowes, R. (1988) "Autonomy and Second-hand Oil Dependency of the Yemen Arab Republic" Arab Studies Quarterly, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 193-213.

• Burrowes, R. (1993) "The Economic Dimension of Yemeni Unity" Middle East Report, September-October, pp. 9-14.

• Burrowes, R. (1993) "Elections and Mass Politics in Yemen" Middle East Report, no. 185, pp.2-6.

• Burrowes, R. (1994) "From Ballot Box to Battlefield: the War of the Two Alis" Middle East Report, no. 190, pp. 24-27.

• Burrowes, R. (1996) "Yemen Between Civility and Civil War" Ch. 9 in Augustus R. Norton (ed.) "Civil Society in the Middle East" vol. 2, Leiden, The Netherlands, Brill.

• Cawson, A. (1986) "Corporatism and Political Theory" Oxford and New York, Basil Blackwell.

• Chaudhry, K. (1989) "The Price of Wealth: Business and State in Labour Remittance and Oil Economies" International Organisation, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 101-45.

• Cigar, N. (1985) "State and Society in South Yemen" Problems of Communism, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 41-58.

• Cigar, N. (1990) "Islam and the State in South Yemen: The Uneasy Co-existence" Middle Eastern Studies, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 185-203.

• The constitution of the PDRY, Aden: The 14th October Print-hous, 1978.

• Deeb, M. (1986) "Radical Political Ideologies and Concepts of Property in Libya and South Yemen" Middle East Journal, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 445-61.

• The Department of the State (1995) "Human Rights Report" Washington, D. C.

• Deutsch, K. et al (1957) "Political Community and the North Atlantic Area" Princeton: Princeton University Press.

• Dresch, P. (1984) "The Position of Shaykhs Among the Northern Tribes of Yemen" Man, new series, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 31-49.

• Dresch, P. (1989) "Tribes, Government and History in Yemen" Oxford, Clarendon Press.

• Dresch, P. (1995) "The Tribal Factor in the Yemeni Crisis" Ch. 2 in al-Suwaidi, J. (Ed) "The Yemeni War of 1994: Causes and Consequences" London, Saqi Books.

• Dresch, P. and Haykel, B. (1995) "Stereotypes and Political Styles: Islamists and Tribesfolk in Yemen" International Journal of Middle East Studies, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 405-31.

• Dunbar, Ch. (1992) "The Unification of Yemen: Process, Politics, and Prospects" Middle East Journal, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 456-76.

• Dunn, M. (1994) "The Wrong Place, The Wrong Time: Why Yemeni Unity Failed" Middle East Policy, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 148-56.

• Editor (1997) "Yemen: A Thin Veil of Democracy" The Middle East, no. 26, April, pp. 6-8.

• Eisenstadt, S. (1973) "Traditional Patrimonialism and Modern Neopatrimonialism" Sage Research Papers in the Social Sciences, Studies Comparative Modernisation Series, vol. 1, Beverl Hills: Sage.

• ESCWA (1993/94) "International and Return Migration: The Experience of Yemen" ESCWA Secretariat. Population Bulletin of ESCWA, nos. 41/42, pp. 107-51.

• Gause, G. (1988) "Yemeni Unity: Past and Future" Middle East Journal, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 33-47.

• Gerholm, T. (1977) "Market, Mosque and Mafraj: Social Inequality in a Yemeni Town" University of Stockholm.

• Glosemeyer, I. (1993) "The First Yemeni Parliamentary Elections in 1993: Practising Democracy" Orient (Opladen), vol. 34, pp. 439-51.

• Hall, S. (1991) "Yemen: The Politics of Unity" London, Gulf Centre for Strategic Studies.

• Halliday, F. (1979) "Yemen's Unfinished Revolution: Socialism in the South" MERIP Reports, no. 81, pp. 3-20.

• Halliday, F. (1985) "The Third Inter-Yemeni War and its Consequences" Asian Affairs, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 131-40.

• Halliday, F. (1986) "Catastrophe in South Yemen" Middle East Report, no. 139, pp. 37-39.

• Harrison, R. (1980) "Pluralism and Corporatism" London, George Allen & Unwin (Publishers).

• Hartmann, R. (1995) "Yemeni Exodus from Saudi Arabia: the Gulf Conflict and the Ceasing of the Workers' Emigration" Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 38-52.

• Hudson, M. (1977) "Arab Politics: The Search for Legitimacy" New Haven and London: Yale University Press.

• Hudson, M. (1994) "Unhappy Yemen: Watching the Slide Toward Civil War" Middle East Insight, vol. 10, nos. 4-5, pp. 10-19.

• Hudson, M. (1995) "Bipolarity, Rational Calculation and War in Yemen" Arab Studies Journal, Spring 1995, pp. 9-19.

• Human Rights Watch (1994) "Human Rights in Yemen During and After the 1994 War" Washington, DC: (newsletter/Human Rights Watch/ Middle East, vol. 6, no. 1).

• IMF (1997) "Republic of Yemen: Donor's Meeting" Brussels, June 19-20, 1997.

• Ismael Tareq, Ismael Jacqueline (1986) "The People's Democratic Republic of Yemen: Politics, Economics and Society: the politics of socialist transformation" London, Pinter.

• Kostiner, J. (1981) "Arab Radical Politics: al-Qawmiyyun al-Arab and the Marxists in the Turmoil of South Yemen" Middle Eastern Studies, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 454-77.

• Kostiner, J. (1990) "Yemen" Middle East Contemporary Survey, vol. XIV, pp. 703-31.

• Kostiner, J. (1996) "Yemen: The Tortuous Quest for Unity 1990-1994" UK, The Royal Institute of International Affairs.

• Lackner, H. (1985) "P.D.R.Yemen: Outpost of Socialist Development in Arabia" London, Ithaca Press.

• Lackner, H. (1995) "Women and Development in the Republic of Yemen" in Nabil Khoury, Valentine Moghadam (eds.) "Gender and Development in the Arab World: Women's Economic Participation-Patterns and Policies" London: Zed Books; Tokyo: United Nations University Press.

• Latta, R. (1994) "Yemen: Unification and Modernisation" London, Gulf Centre for Strategic Studies.

• Liberty (1993) "The Political Situation in Yemen: Background to the 1993 Yemen Elections Campaign" BM Freedom, London, April 21, 1993.

• Meissner, J. R. (1987) "Tribes at the Core: Legitimacy, Structure and Power in Zaydi Yemen" Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Colombia.

• MicClintock, D. (1980) "The People's Democratic Republic of Yemen" Ch. 9 in Long, D. And Reich, B. (eds.) "The Government and Politics of the Middle East and North Africa" Colorado, Westview Press.

• Middle East Watch (1992) "Yemen: Steps Toward Civil Society" New York: Middle East Watch, vol. 4, no. 10.

• Migdal, J. (1988) "Strong Societies and Weak States: State-Society Relations and State Capabilities in the Third World" Princeton: Princeton University Press.

• Ministry of Planning and Development (1996) "The Yemen First Five Year Plan (1996-2000)" Action to Accelerate the Economic Growth and Development. Sana'a, The Republic of Yemen.

• Ministry of Planning and Development (1996) "Statistical Year Book" Sana'a.

• Molyneux, M. (1995) "Women's Rights and Political Contingency: The Case of Yemen, 1990-1994" Middle East Journal, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 418- 31.

• Mundy, M. (1995) "Domestic Government: Kinship, Community and Polity in North Yemen" London: New York: Tauris.

• Munro, D. (1995) "The Oxford Dictionary of the World" Oxford, Oxford University Press.

• Nonneman, G. (1997) "The Yemen Republic: From Unification and Liberalisation to Civil War and Beyond" Ch. 4 in Haifaa A. Jawad (ed.) "The Middle East in the New World Order" 2nd ed., London, Macmillan Press.

• Peterson, J. (1982) "Yemen: The Search for a Modern State" London, Croom Helm.

• Pollock, D. (1986) "Moscow and Aden: Coping with a Coup" Problems of Communism, vol. 35, no. 3, (May-June 1986), pp. 50-70.

• Pridham, B. R. (ed.) (1984) "Contemporary Yemen: Politics and Historical Background" Centre for Arab Gulf Studies, University of Exeter.

• Pridham, B. R. (ed.)(1985) "Economy, Society & Culture in Contemporary Yemen" London, Croom Helm.

• Prusher, I. (1996) "Yemen: Where Islam, Democracy Try to Mix" The Christian Science Monitor, November 15-21, 1996, pp. 10-11.

• Sadowski, Y. (1993) "The New Orientalism and Democracy Debate" Middle East Report, no. 183, vol. 23, no. 4, July-August, pp. 14-21.

• Schmitter, P. and Lehmbruch, G. (eds) (1979) "Trends Toward Corporatist Intermediation" London and Beverly Hills, Sage Publications.

• Scott, R. (1995) "Yemen: The Rationale of Military Reform" The Middle East, no. 247, July-August, pp. 5-7.

• Stevenson, T. (1993) "Yemeni Workers Come Home: Reabsorbing One Million Migrants" Middle East Report, no. 181, pp. 15-20.

• Stookey, R. (1978) "Yemen: The Politics of the Yemen Arab Republic" Colorado, Westview Press.

• Al-Suwaidi, J. (ed.) (1995) "The Yemeni War of 1994: Causes and Consequences" London, Saqi Books.

• Swagman, C. (1985) "Social Organisation and Local Development in the Western Central Highlands of the Yemen Arab Republic" Ph.D. Dissertation, Los Angeles, University of California.

• Swagman, C. (1988) "Development and Change in Highland Yemen" Utah: University of Utah Press.

• Tutwiler, R. (1987) "Tribe, Tribute and Trade: Social Class Formation in Highland Yemen" Ph.D. Dissertation, State University of New York.

• UNDP (1997) "Programme of the Government of the Republic of Yemen" UNDP Programme Support Document, January 1997.

• Van Hear, N. (1990) "The Socio-economic Impact of the Involuntary Mass Return to Yemen in 1990" Journal of Refugee Studies, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 18-38.

• Watkins, E. (1996) "Islamism and Tribalism in Yemen" Ch. 12 in Sidahmed, A. And Ehteshami, A. (eds.) "Islamic Fundamentalism" Oxford, Westview Press.

• Al-Wazir, Z. (1988) "Muhawalah Lifahm al-Mushkilah al-Yamaniyyah" A Concept to Understand the Yemeni Problem. 2nd ed., Beirut, Manshorat al-Asr al-Hadith

• Weir, Sh. (1987) "Labour Migration and Key Aspects of its Economic and Social Impact on a Yemeni Highland Community" in Richard Lawless (ed.) "The Middle Eastern Village: Changing Economic and Social Relations" London, Croom Helm.

• Wenner, M. (1988) "Ideology versus Pragmatism in South Yemen, 1968-1986" Part 3 in Chelkowski, J. And Pranger, R. (ed.) "Ideology and Power in the Middle East" Studies in Honour of George Lenczowski, Durham and London, Duke University Press.

• Wenner, M. (1993) "National Integration and National Security: the Case of Yemen" in Bahgat Korany, Paul Noble, Rex Brynen. (eds.) "The Many Faces of National Security in the Arab World" Basingtoke, England: Macmillan.

• Wenner, M. (1994) "Yemen" in Tachau, F. (ed.) "Political Parties of the Middle East and North Africa" Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.

• Williamson, P. (1989) "Corporatism in Perspective: An Introduction Guide to Corporatist Theory" London, Sage Publications.

• The World Bank (1996) "Republic of Yemen: Public Expenditure Review" MENA Region, Report NO. 16147- Yemen, November 27, 1996.

• The World Bank (1997) "Structural Economic Reforms in the Republic of Yemen" Paper presented to Consultative Group Meeting for Yemen, Brussles, Jauary 19-20, 1997.

• The Yemeni Constitution, 1990.

• Zabarah, M. (1982) "Yemen: Traditionalism vs. Modernity" New York: Praeger.

• Zein al-Abdin, A. (1976) "The Yemeni Constitution and its Religious Orientation" Arabian Studies, vol. 3, pp. 115-25.

Copyright © Ahmed Abdel-Karim Saif 1998