The argantree (argania spinosa) is perfect for a harsh environment, surviving heat, drought and poor soil.
It is little known outside Morocco, and many Moroccans themselves have never heard of it because it grows only in the south-west of the country – roughly between Essaouira and Agadir, in an area covering 700,000-800,000 hectares. But within the area where the argan grows there are about 21 million trees which play a vital role in the food chain and the environment, though their numbers are declining.
The tree, which is thorny and can reach heights of 8-10 metres, probably originated in Argana, a village north-east of Agadir (off Route 40). It lives longer than the olive and requires no cultivation.
The trunk of the argan is often twisted and gnarled, allowing goats to clamber along its branches and feed on the leaves and fruit.
The fruit has a green, fleshy exterior like an olive, but larger and rounder. Inside, there is a nut with an extremely hard shell, which in turn contains one, two or three almond-shaped kernels.
Goats climb argan trees to eat the fruit. Photo:Marco Arcangeli
When goats eat the fruit, the fleshy part is digested but the nut remains. Later, the nuts are collected by farmers to produce oil.
The production of argan oil, which is still mostly done by traditional methods, is a lengthy process. Each nut has to be cracked open to remove the kernels, and it is said that producing one litre of oil takes 20 hours' work.
Argan oil is slightly darker than olive oil, with a reddish tinge. It can be used for cooking and is claimed to have various medicinal properties, such as lowering cholesterol levels, stimulating circulation and strengthening the body’s natural defences. Internationally, it is often marketed for cosmetic uses.
Argan fruit developing on the tree
The residue from the kernels after oil extraction is a thick chocolate-coloured paste called "amlou" which is sweetened and served as a dip for bread at breakfast time in Berber households. It flavour is similar to that of peanut butter.
The wood and nut-shells of the argan tree are burned for cooking; the wood is also used decoratively in some of the inlaid boxes which are made in Essaouira. The roots of the argan tree grow deep in search of water, helping to bind the soil and prevent erosion.
Households that make their own argan oil tend to use if for general cooking. Because it is expensive to buy, others may use it more sparingly - flavouring salads, for example. A few drops stirred into couscous just before serving give it a rich, nutty aroma.
Argan production is still basically a cottage industry, managed largely by women. But many people believe that if the oil became better known it could provide more employment in the region as well as enhancing the environment.
Bottles of what pass for argan oil are sold along the roadsides between Essouira and Agadir, but is difficult to tell if they are genuine. Because the oil commands a high price, sellers are often tempted to dilute it with cheaper oils. Some bottles simply contain olive oil, coloured with paprika or other substances.
Argan: the dried fruit (left), the nuts (centre) and the kernels (right)
More about Argan
The Argan Foundation
(La Fondation pour l'Arganier)
Ardent for Argan
by Kitty Morse. Saudi Aramco World, September 2004
The argan tree, argan oil and women's co-operatives in southwestern Morocco
UNESCO report
Maroc : Les coopératives d’argane ont trahi leurs promesses
"The numerous argan cooperatives developed since the 1990s are still far from having fulfilled their promises." Article in French. Yabiladi, 14 March 2017
Women processing argan by hand at the Tilila cooperative near Essaouira
The following are papers from a conference - Journees d'etude sur l'arganier - sponsored by Environment Ministry and the held in Essaouira, September 1995. The papers are all in French:
La problématique de l'ArganierMr Nour-Eddinne Ottmani
Le rôle socio-économique et environnemental de l'ArganierMr Mohamed Benzyane
Eléments préliminaires d'une monographie de quelques pratiques rituelles en rapport avec les Ayt Yassîn ( Haha)Mr Abdelghani Maghnia
Les Systèmes Agro-sylvo-pastoraux de l'Arganier Approche Typologique en vue de leur mise en valeurMr Faiçal Benchekroun
Biologie de l'ArganierMme Rachida Nouaim
Ecologie et cartographie des groupements végétaux d'AnziMr Fouad Msanda
Valorisation des produits de l'ArganierMme Zoubida Charrouf
Bilan des actions et programmes en faveur de l'Arganier et perspectivesMr Rémi Chaussod
Projet de la coopération allemandeMr Frank Hayer
Réhabilitation des Phytocenoses du Parc National de Souss-MassaMr Ribi Mohamed
Expériences de l'Association des Amis de l'Arganier (3A)Mr Abdelkader El Othmani
Présentation du projet financé par le CanadaMr Roy Michel
